Plasma Guns Instead of Lasers

Muon catalyzed fusion. I like this this method sensationalized by Stephven Jones in 1989. He basically says that this could work but it's not very practical. He says Sakurov first observed this phenomenon where what is it? Certain crystal shapes tend to hide atoms of hydrogen. whatever that means. Palladium, platinum, and titanium are the materials that were used most often to demonstrate this.

This is actually extremely similar to the versions of cold fusion that uh Pawns and Fleshman did, but supposedly it's not very successful. Cavitation fusion is listed here. Where are my casual cavitation fusion enjoyers? My casual punchy shrimp enjoyers. By the way, punchy shrimp is proof of god. It's true.

In water, vapor bubbles are produced when pressures drop below 2300 pascals, below atmospheric pressure through a process called cavitation. When these cavitation bubbles collapse, they produce high temperatures and pressures for a short period of time. Cavitation has been shown to release enough energy to pitch ship propeller blades. In addition, heavy water, deuterized water, we now know what that means, have been used to demonstrate that cavitation can cause particles from fusion. Unfortunately, today performance of cavitation fusion systems has been low. Now, why would this do fusion?

Well, I just explained you how fusion works because cavitation fusion is basically the exact opposite of tokamac fusion. Instead of coming up with a confined space and trying to heat it up, cavitation fusion says, "I'm not going to try to heat up anything at all. All I'm going to do is create a cavity and then I'm going to make the cavity collapse." And that's essentially the equivalent of making their your space of your fusion reactor gets smaller and smaller and smaller and smaller. And what happens when that happens? The air the stuff inside the air gets closer.

It fuses. So it's essentially cavitation is the equivalent of just pushing the plasma on all sides. And we've seen this this this has been this experiment. This has been shown. You would say what this has been shown. No way.

Oh yes it has. [music] The spooky music is not doing it for me. There you go. What do you think sonoluminescence is? There it is. And this is why people can't explain so many because they're not doing normal hot fusion. They're just creating a cavitation bubble and then light appears.

Where's the light coming from? How is there light coming out of a bubble collapsing? People should wonder, right? I love how science proves us right by the way. It's pretty sweet. Okay, so there's cavitation bubble rocket design using fusion energy.

While nuclear fusion releases large amounts of energy for minimum quantities of fuel and that's the basic idea of ISB, large energy out, minimum amounts of fuel, the initiation of the fusion dictates the design of the system. So we have to do fusion in a way in which it's going to be naturally confined or it's going to be confined in a way that will be efficient. Plasma confinement methods that generate charge particles used directly for propulsion and confinement methods that heat a propellant like liquid hydrogen be ex ejected through a nozzle. So a neutronic fusion schemes. Now here we go.

Most of the energy released from fusion schemes are released more than 80% of their energy as neutrons. We don't like these. They're bad. Neutrons bad. So, here are schemes with different temperature requirements that are a neutronic. Number one, helium 3.

Helium 3. Number two, lithium 6. Number three, also lithium 6. Again, number four, lithium 6 a third time. There's three different lithium 6. This one's helium lithium 6.

Then there's helium helium. And then there's lithium 7 proton fusion. And then our favorite proton boron 11 fusion. That's the second one from the bottom. And then what's this one? What's N?

I don't know. Whatever this last one is. Is that nickel? What the hell's N? I don't know. Anyway, dutyium is readily available by centrifuging water.

So, if you put water in a centrifuge, this thing you spin around just like in a lab, you can actually produce dutyium very easily. Yeah, it was proton Nigeria 66 chat. I don't even remember. Okay, you get the point. Anyway, helium 3 is very rare on Earth, mostly on the moon. It says right here, Redditors will need to be sent to the moon and live on the moon in a moon mission.

Actually, that was classified. I think they just edited that out. That's part of the classified version said Redditors are going to be sent to the moon. Trust me, bro. Okay, so we need the helium 3 from the moon if we're going to do helium 3. But proton boron 11, look at this.

Boron is readily available on Earth. And 80% of naturally occurring boron is boron 11. Don't tell the Redditors we don't even need the helium 3. We could be using boron 11. Don't tell them that though. N is nitrogen. Okay, so nitrogen is an autronic fuel.

Ne. Okay, now the question is how difficult is it? Now this is where we refer to the loss in criteria to determine how difficult it's going to be which is going to be how dense is your plasma already spoke about that the temperature aka the energy and the energy confinement time how much can you keep the energy confined. So the loss in criteria for dutyium tridium which is the easiest one is 34. Uh for the first autronic fusion scheme the easiest one dutyium helium 3 the loss in criteria is only 43.

So, a long story short, it takes a lot more energy to pull off a neutronic fusion. Even the easiest form of a neutronic fusion, which is helium 3, takes way more than uh than just simple DT fusion. And look at the comparison from helium 3 which is at 043 to proton boron 11 which is.1 0.1 0.014. So proton boron 11 is almost 50 times harder than helium 3. Proton boron 11 is a lot harder than helium 3. and lithium proton fusion is three times harder than boron 11.

So if you want to understand why is uh why is um not trial alpha but helium energy helium fusion why are they trying to do helium 3 because it's easier than the other two. It makes sense if you're trying to do a neutronic fusion you're going to probably start with the easiest one. Okay. and also tells you the kevs required as you can expect it takes much higher amounts of kinetic or um energy for your ions. So ultimately when we talk about these ion temperatures we're talking about the energies of the ions.

Now the way around this is you insert the ions with the energy already. Now the downside of this is if you're trying to inject an ion it's positively charged. What happens if you shoot your positively charged ion in your magnetic field? It's going to fall through the magnetic field. It's going to follow follow the magnetic field. I mean, it's going to be deflected.

Now, we just went over that. That's how you do direct energy conversion. So, you actually need your ions to already be inside or you need to have a scheme by which you can get them inside your fusion reactor. Okay, let's see. Another concern of a neutronic fusion is brelung or breaking radiation. This term refers to X-rays emitted as electrons pass through metals or interact with electrons in the outer shell of metal atoms. In order to ignite a fusion reaction, the gases must be heated to the point where they ionize and form the plasma.

Electrons stripped from the ions in the plasma will interact with the walls of the chamber and house the plasma and brelong X-rays will result. Bremlong is a parasitic process that decreases the temperature of the plasma and reduces the chances of fusion. While the two favored schemes lithium 6 and boron 11 can generate significant brelung losses, there are techniques proposed using electromagnets to direct both electrons and ions to minimize X-ray production. So, one of those answers which I asked AI yesterday is mirrors. If you use a mirror scheme and keep your electrons and ions trapped, then they're not going to radiate as much.

You're not going to have as many losses. And if you want to use the X-rays for propulsion, which is what we saw for photonic propulsion above, now all you need to do is just direct them. We don't mind if they're losses. We just want to direct them into the direction we want to use for propulsion. Just like you saw with that plasmoid where you saw the beam shooting out. We love axial beams. That's what that means, by the way.

When the beams are shooting out opposite direction, that's axial beams because we can use that for propulsion. I'm going to skip through the antimatter propulsion, but long story short, if we can do antimatter, antimatter, I think, is slightly higher, slightly better than fusion propulsion. If we could do antimatter propulsion, but we have to produce antimatter to even begin to do antimatter propulsion. So, I'm kind of skipping over this and my feeling on this is that this is going to be somewhat obsolete when we figure out 0 point energy extraction via fusion process. But maybe I'm wrong. Maybe this is more important than I think.

Okay, so let's go through some projects because there's been several projects.

The nuclear pulse propulsion project general atomics in the 1950s maximum specific impulse of 100,000 seconds says that this can be built with existing technology radiation exposure to the crew and high period of acceleration induced by the system proposes significant problems. So unfortunately this one I don't think is a neutronic says project Orion led to project delus I don't know how you say that in the 70s in this design they used dutyium lithium 6 or helium 3 pellet would be imploded in the exhaust materials directed by an electromagnetic field to provide thrust. There was also a concept known as Medusa in the 90s. Medusa.

Gorgon stare chat. The Gorgon stare. The Medusa. Hold on. Hold on. What?

We're going to play the Gorgon stair video. Just a sec. When the ancient Greek Gorgon Medusa stared down upon her enemies, they were frozen in place, their voices mute, their bodies turned to stone. In this petrified state, she studied them with a sharper eye. The smallest details revealed. The story of their lives held still [music] before her.

Sierra Nevada. >> Is Sierra Nevada not proud of their videos? Are they not proud of their system chat? How come they just let me play this and they're just like not Don't they appreciate how good their Gorgon stare surveillance is, chat? I know I do. I know I do, guys. I got another Gorgon stair video we'll play at the end today. [snorts] Okay, let's go back to this.

The Medusa would carry a large sail. Fusion explosions would s would basically be used to blow to shoot force into the sail. So, we were going to use a sailboat powered by nuclear explosions. Seems pretty stupid to me, but you know, people came up with crazy ass ideas. Longot electromagnetic funnel in ICF, inertial confinement fusion to power a rocket using lithium dutarium pellets. Travel time to Alpha Centauri was 100 years.

So we there's actually been proposals whether or not you think they're feasible or not is a different question I suppose but there's been proposals out there to do fusion reactions. Here's an antimatter catalyzed fusion. This is actually seems kind of similar to zero point energy catalyzed fusion. This would be a fusion rocket system on a Pennsylvania state employed antimatter to catalyze fishing reactions in uranium. 12 kilograms of uranium is required to generate three critical masses required. This now requires only a few grams of uranium.

So the idea here is to bring down the amount of uranium to produce this reaction. Magnetized target fusion plasma guns are used instead of lasers to generate heat in a low density fusion fuel mixture confined by magnetic fields. What? The fuel is rapidly compressed to ignite fusion. I mean, this could be if if you think MH370 was a was a fusion bomb, then this is like the strongest support you can get because if you look at that, you've got three super powerful uh plasma orbs that are creating insane magnetic fields around the plane and then they're collapsing those magnetic fields directly onto the plane.

If there's a fusion payload in that plane, I would expect that fusion payload to detonate. And this is what it says. It doesn't even have to be a dense gas. It can be a low dense fusion fuel. So if you were like having batteries release this fusion fuel gas as they smoke because you've tampered with the batteries or something, then maybe you could create a fusion bomb out of an airplane. So I don't rule out that they, you know, annihilated the plane or something in a fusion bomb, but I to me it's only like 1% relative to teleportation.

Ion drives, we talked about ion drives. Vasameir engine, highly efficient ion thruster uses RF resonant cavity and xenon gas. Uses direct energy conversion from a neutronic fusion or DT fusion, but loses a lot of the energy to neutrons. RIP. So, this is why I know the orbs are a neutronic because most of these setups that we look through here, they don't work if they're neutronic. They fall apart.

They don't give you enough energy. They lose too much of the energy as losses. The only way these orbs can work is if they've solved all these challenges. And the solving of these challenges is a neutronic fusion. Here's commercial development. EMC2 prolific designer Robert Bousard based on the electrostatic confinement of the Farnsworth fuser.

J Dr. J. Young Park used to work for them. Now he works for Trialpha Energy. Okay. [laughter] What else do we got? European Space Agency doing something about dynamic gas mirrors. Dynamic gas mirrors.

Does that sound like a plasma mirror to you? It does to me. To constrain an ion plasma. Yep. Rocket dine. Joint Propulsion Laboratory Rocket design of an inertial confinement source for man missions to Mars conducted for this joint project where magnetic thrust chamber was used to minim minimize contact between the plasma and the walls.

So they use a magnetic bubble or a bottle to prevent the plasma from touching the walls and that's a big part of this. Now better is you have no walls whatsoever and the magnetic field perfectly confines the plasma. And then the crossfire fuser another inertial electrostatic confinement device also based on hir uh hearth fuser. Okay, is that it? And then what do we need to do for the next 30 years for this paper? Basically we need a lot of research into these things. pulseed fishing and fusion rockets.

A neutronic fusion literally just says Robert Bousard, just says Robert Bousard. Um, and then work on single stage orbit. When we talk about single stage orbit, this is the dream for Elon Musk. When we're talking about single stage orbit, we're saying one craft that's going to take you all the way up to orbit without boosters or anything else. And then you're just going to be in orbit. You got in an airplane, now you're in orbit, and the plane flies back down.

That's actually a huge challenge, and that's what's called single stage to orbit. Everything right now is multi-stage rockets. I'm going to skip through some of this because we got some more papers to go through, but basically amongst the autronic fusion technologies, Robert Bousard and his colleagues appear to have the best development proposals. Do you guys want to know which fusion reactor Salvatore Py references? Robert Bousard.